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This is a simple utility to analyse RNA-seq data with a selection of popular
tools. It is written in
snakemake
that allows the user to scale it
to any system, including clusters and cloud computing architectures.
Currently, it supports analyses with the following tools;
-
STAR (genome-based mapping)
-
Salmon (transcript-based mapping)
-
Kallisto (transcript-based mapping)
-
SortMeRNA (rRNA filtering)
-
StringTie (quantification of BAM files)
-
NCBI-tools (downloading and conversion from NCBI server)
-
DESeq2 (differential expression)
-
MultiQC (quality control report)
-
[FastQC](https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc
- (quality control for reads)
In short, given a public run ID from the SRA archives (SRRXXXXXXX), the pipeline can download the raw data from the NCBI server, convert the files to fastq format, filter the reads, generate indices, map to genome/transcript, and quantify the mapped reads. In addition, it can also carry out differential expression analysis.
However, the user can provide their own FASTA or SRA files for the analysis.
In order to modify the default options, refer to the appropriate rules in
the respective
rules/filename.smk
files. Please read
wiki
for more details.
Dependencies
-
python3+
(tested on Python3.7 and 3.8) -
snakemake (workflow management)
-
R 4+
(for DESeq2 analysis; tested on R 4.0.2) -
tximport
,DESeq2
,AnnotationDbi
,Rsubread
(forR
related analyses)
All the above-mentioned dependencies have been successfully tested on Ubuntu 18.04.5 , Gentoo 5.4.48, Fedora 32.
Installation
For installation purposes, it is a good idea to make a new python virtual environment and
install
snakemake
on it, and then download all the tool binaries in your
desired location. Following this, retrieve the repository using
git
;
git clone https://github.com/rohitsuratekar/CardioPipeLine.git
Alternatively, download the repository in the desired location.
The only other modification that needs to be done is to edit the
config/config.yaml
and
config/samples.csv
files to specify the location of files on your system, and then run following in the
repository folder
snakemake --core all
The above mentioned command will essentially carry out all the steps for you, from downloading the file to quantification, while you sit back and relax :)
Tasks
This pipeline carries out tasks. However, you can always select which tasks you want :)
Task No | Details | Tool Used | Input # | Output #, * |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | All tasks | -- | -- | -- |
1 |
Download
.sra
file
|
prefetch
|
samples.csv | srr.sra |
2 |
Convert to
fastq
|
fasterq-dump
|
srr.sra | srr.fastq |
3 | rRNA filtering |
sortmerna
|
srr.fastq | srr.filtered.fastq |
4 | STAR indexing |
star
|
genome.fa, anno.gtf | star-idx |
5 | STAR mapping |
star
|
star-idx, srr.filtered.fastq / srr.fastq | srr.bam |
6 | Quantification |
stringtie
|
srr.bam, anno.gtf | st.tsv |
7 | Salmon indexing |
salmon
|
anno.gtf | salmon-idx |
8 | Salmon mapping |
salmon
|
salmon-idx, srr.filtered.fastq / srr.fastq | quants.sf |
9 | Kallisto indexing |
kallisto
|
anno.gtf | kallisto-idx |
10 | Kallisto mapping |
kallisto
|
kallisto-idx, srr.filtered.fastq / srr.fastq | abundance.tsv |
11 | Count Matrix StringTie |
prepDE.py
|
st.tsv | stringtie.counts |
12 | Count Matrix Star |
Rsubread
|
ssr.bam | star.counts |
13 | Count Matrix Salmon |
tximport
|
quants.sf | salmon.counts |
14 | Count Matrix Kallisto |
tximport
|
abundance.tsv | kallisto.counts |
15 | Differential Analysis |
DESeq2
|
*.counts | con1_vs_con2.csv |
16 | Quality Control Report |
fastqc
|
-- | srr.html |
17 | Quality Control Report |
multiqc
|
-- | quality_report.html |
18 | de-novo Assembly |
trinity
|
srr.fastq | trinity.fasta |
19 | de-novo Alignment |
bowtie2
|
trinity.fasta | stat.txt |
* There might be many other related outputs. # Names are for representative purpose. Actual names will be different
Selection of tasks
You have full control of which tasks to run. Your can run desired tasks by
editing
tasks
parameter in the
config.yaml
file. If you want to perform
specific task, you need to provide its input file in appropriate location.
But do not worry, thanks to
snakemake
, if you did not provide appropriate
input files, it will search far task which outputs these files and will
automatically run for you.
By default
tasks: 0
is set. This will run all available tasks.
Setting up the workflow
Editing
config.yaml
and
samples.csv
is probably the most important
aspect of this pipeline. These are files which will change for each user
according to their system and work.
config.yaml
If you are fine with default options of tools
used in this workflow, you can just edit this file and run the pipeline
with
snakemake
. Just read the comment in
config/config.yaml
file
and you will know what to do :) Comments are self explanatory.
Config file has parameter called
base
which provides base folder for all
the analysis. Every output file crated with this pipeline can be found in
this base folder. Overall output file structure is shown below. More
detailed file structure can be found
here
.
base
├── sra
├── fastq
├── filtered
├── bams
├── index
├── mappings
├── deseq2
└── logs
samples.csv
This file will contain names of all the samples which you want to analyse with this pipeline. You should provide SRA Runs IDs (usually in SRRXXXXXXX format ). You can find these IDs for publically available datasets from GEO Dataset website. If you have your own fastq files, you can check naming convention and rename those files and keep in appropriate folder. and start the pipeline.
This
.csv
(comma delimited) file SHOULD have header row and SHOULD
contains at least following headers.
-
run
: Run ID -
is_paired
: true (if you are handling paired end sample), false (if it is single end sample)
Example file content
run,is_paired
SRR0000001,true
SRR0000002,false
If you are performing any DESeq2 analysis, third column specifying conditions is mandatory
run,is_paired,condition
SRR0000001,true,wt
SRR0000002,false,mt
Here third column
condition
will be used in DESeq2 analysis. You should
update appropriate parameters in
config.yaml
file. For example, Let us
assume following sample file
run,is_paired,time
SRR0000001,true,48
SRR0000002,false,24
In above file, as third column name is
time
and
24
is your reference
condition then you should update
following in the
config.yaml
deseq2:
design_column: "time"
reference: "24"
In addition, you should also update
design
parameter from
config.yaml
file. For example, in above situation, it can be
design: "~ time"
Code Snippets
21 | script: "../scripts/bam_to_counts.R" |
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 | shell: """ echo "{wildcards.SRR_ID} {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/mappings/stringtie/{wildcards.SRR_ID}/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_assembled.gtf" > input.temp mv input.temp {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/mappings/stringtie/{wildcards.SRR_ID}/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_input.temp {input.binary} -i {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/mappings/stringtie/{wildcards.SRR_ID}/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_input.temp -g {output.gmat} -t {output.tmat} rm -f {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/mappings/stringtie/{wildcards.SRR_ID}/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_input.temp """ |
59 | script: "../scripts/txi_to_counts.R" |
70 | script: "../scripts/txi_to_counts.R" |
41 42 | run: generate_deseq_input(wildcards) |
56 | script: "../scripts/deseq2.R" |
21 22 23 24 | shell: """ {input.fastqc} -t {threads} -o {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/quality/{wildcards.SRR_ID} {input.f1} {input.f2} """ |
33 34 35 36 | shell: """ {input.fastqc} -t {threads} -o {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/quality/{wildcards.SRR_ID} {input.f1} """ |
47 48 49 50 | shell: """ {input.fastqc} -t {threads} -o {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/quality/{wildcards.SRR_ID} {input.f1} {input.f2} """ |
59 60 61 62 | shell: """ {input.fastqc} -t {threads} -o {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/quality/{wildcards.SRR_ID} {input.f1} """ |
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | shell: "{input.kallisto} index " # Kallisto index mode "-i {output} " # Filename (not folder) for kallisto "{input.transcript}" # Transcript def make_kallisto_reads(files): if len(files) == 2: # Paired end reads return " ".join(files) else: # Single end, use parameters from config file frg_length = config["extra"]["kallisto-fragment-length"] # Fragment # length frg_sd = config["extra"]["kallisto-standard-deviation"] # Standard # deviation return f"--single -l {frg_length} -s {frg_sd} {files}" |
13 14 15 16 17 18 | shell: """ multiqc {wildcards.BASE} -f -n {wildcards.BASE}/quality_report.html touch {wildcards.BASE}/quality.html """ |
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 | shell: "mkdir -p {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/sra && " # Make folder if not present "{params.prefetch} -p {wildcards.SSR_ID} " # Prefetch main command "--output-file {output} " # Write to specific file rule get_fastq_paired: input: ancient("{BASE_FOLDER}/sra/{SRR_ID}.sra") threads: config["threads"] output:"{BASE_FOLDER}/fastq/{SRR_ID}.sra_1.fastq", "{BASE_FOLDER}/fastq/{SRR_ID}.sra_2.fastq" |
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 | shell: "{params.fasterq} " # Binary "{input} " # Input SRA File "--split-files " # Split files according to the reads "--progress " # Show progress "--skip-technical " # Skip technical reads "--threads {threads} " # Number of threads "--outdir {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/fastq" |
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 | shell: "{params.fasterq} " # Binary "{input} " # Input SRA File "--split-files " # Split files according to the reads "--progress " # Show progress "--skip-technical " # Skip technical reads "--threads {threads} " # Number of threads "--outdir {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/fastq" |
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 | shell: "scripts/generateDecoyTranscriptome.sh " "-j {threads} " # Number of threads "-a {input.gtf} " # Genome GTF File "-g {input.fasta} " # Genome in fasta "-t {input.transcript} " # Transcript file in fasta "-o {wildcards.BASE}/index/salmon " # Salmon index output folder "-b {input.bedtools} " # Path to bedtools "-m {input.mashmap} " # Path to mashmap # Generate index for salmon rule index_salmon: input: decoy_index=ancient("{BASE}/index/salmon/gentrome.fa"), decoy_keys=ancient("{BASE}/index/salmon/decoys.txt"), salmon=config["tools"]["salmon"] threads: config["threads"] output: "{BASE}/index/salmon/pos.bin" |
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 | shell: "{input.salmon} index " # Salmon index mode "-t {input.decoy_index} " # Decoy transcript "-i {wildcards.BASE}/index/salmon " # Path to index folder "--decoys {input.decoy_keys} " # Decoy keys "-k 31 " # K-mer (31) is recommended by the authors "-p {threads}" # Number of threads def get_salmon_reads(files): if isinstance(files, str): return f"-r {files}" |
54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 | shell: """ rm -rf {params.index_dir}/kvdb {params.sortmerna} {params.ref_str} {params.read_str} -workdir {params.index_dir} -fastx -other -a {threads} -num_alignments 1 -paired_in --out2 mkdir -p {BASE}/filtered/ mkdir -p {BASE}/logs mv {params.index_dir}/out/aligned.log {BASE}/logs/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_filtering.log mv {params.index_dir}/out/other_fwd.fastq {BASE}/filtered/{wildcards.SRR_ID}.sra.filtered_1.fastq mv {params.index_dir}/out/other_rev.fastq {BASE}/filtered/{wildcards.SRR_ID}.sra.filtered_2.fastq rm -f {params.index_dir}/out/aligned_fwd.fastq rm -f {params.index_dir}/out/aligned_rev.fastq """ |
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 | shell: """ rm -rf {params.index_dir}/kvdb {params.sortmerna} {params.ref_str} -reads {input.reads} -workdir {params.index_dir} -fastx -other -a {threads} -num_alignments 1 -paired_in mkdir -p {BASE}/filtered/ mkdir -p {BASE}/logs mv {params.index_dir}/out/aligned.log {BASE}/logs/{wildcards.SRR_ID}_filtering.log mv {params.index_dir}/out/other.fastq {BASE}/filtered/{wildcards.SRR_ID}.sra.filtered.fastq rm -f {params.index_dir}/out/aligned.fastq """ |
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 | shell: """ {input.star} --runMode genomeGenerate --runThreadN {threads} --genomeDir {params.folder} --genomeFastaFiles {input.genome} --sjdbGTFfile {input.gtf} if [ -f Log.out ]; then mkdir -p {BASE}/logs mv Log.out {BASE}/logs/STAR.index.log fi """ |
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 | shell: """ {input.star} --runThreadN {threads} --genomeDir {BASE}/index/star --outFileNamePrefix {params.prefix} --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate --readFilesIn {input.files} rm -f {BASE}/bams/{params.prefix}.Log.progress.out """ |
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 | shell: """ export PATH="$(dirname {input.samtools}):$PATH" export PATH="$(dirname {input.jellyfish}):$PATH" export PATH="$(dirname {input.bowtie2}):$PATH" export PATH="$(dirname {input.salmon}):$PATH" {input.trinity} --seqType fq --left {input.files[0]} --right {input.files[1]} --CPU {threads} --output {wildcards.BASE_FOLDER}/mappings/trinity/trinity_{wildcards.SRR_ID} --max_memory 50G --verbose """ """ Build BowTie indexs bowtie2-build assembled transcript output_prefix """ |
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 | shell: """ {input.bowtie2} {input.transcripts} {input.transcripts} """ """ Get statistics from paired-end Bowtie2: -p : number of threads -q : input files are in fastq format --no-unal: suppress SAM records for unaligned reads -x: Index files prefix (without X.bt2 extension) """ |
74 75 76 77 | shell: """ {input.bowtie} -p {threads} -q --no-unal -x {input.transcripts} -1 {input.files[0]} -2 {input.files[1]} > {output} """ |
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("data.table")) library("Rsubread") fc <- Rsubread::featureCounts( files = snakemake@input$bam, annot.ext = snakemake@input$gtf, isGTFAnnotationFile = TRUE, isPairedEnd = as.logical(snakemake@params$is_paired), nthreads = snakemake@threads) colnames(fc$counts) <- snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID df <- data.frame(fc$counts) data.table::setDT(df, keep.rownames = "gene_id") fname <- paste(snakemake@wildcards$BASE, "deseq2", "counts", snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID, sep = "/") fname <- paste0(fname, "/", snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID, ".star.counts") write.csv(df, file = fname, row.names = FALSE) write.csv(fc$stat, file = paste0(fname, ".stat"), row.names = FALSE) |
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 | start_time <- Sys.time() suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("DESeq2")) # We can relevel our conditions initially so that we do not have to worry # about them later on conds <- factor(snakemake@params$conditions) conds <- relevel(conds, snakemake@params$reference) colData <- data.frame(sample = snakemake@params$samples, condition = conds) df <- read.csv(snakemake@input$combined) rownames(df) <- df$gene_id df$gene_id <- NULL dds <- DESeq2::DESeqDataSetFromMatrix(countData = df, colData = colData, design = formula (snakemake@params$design)) # Start the DE analysis dds <- DESeq2::DESeq(dds) outputs <- NULL # Get results from each combination of conditions for (g in unique(snakemake@params$conditions)) { if (g != snakemake@params$reference) { contrast <- c(snakemake@params$column, g, snakemake@params$reference) res <- results(dds, contrast = contrast) fn <- paste(snakemake@wildcards$BASE, "deseq2", "analysis", snakemake@wildcards$METHOD, snakemake@wildcards$METHOD, sep = "/") name <- paste(fn, g, "vs", snakemake@params$reference, sep = "_") name <- paste0(name, ".csv") df <- as.data.frame(res) data.table::setDT(df, keep.rownames = "gene_id") write.csv(df, file = name, row.names = FALSE) outputs <- c(outputs, name) } } # Generate file for snakamake by renaming the input file summary <- paste(snakemake@wildcards$BASE, "deseq2", "analysis", snakemake@wildcards$METHOD, "analysis.log", sep = "/") fileConn <- file(summary) fc <- "Analysis \t: DESeq2" fc <- c(fc, paste0("Start Time \t: ", start_time)) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Finish Time \t: ", Sys.time())) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Samples \t: ", paste0(snakemake@params$samples, collapse = ","))) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Conditions \t: ", paste0(snakemake@params$conditions, collapse = ","))) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Design Formula \t: ", snakemake@params$design)) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Reference \t: ", snakemake@params$reference)) fc <- c(fc, paste0("Outputs \t: ", paste(outputs, sep = ""))) writeLines(fc, fileConn) close(fileConn) |
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 | abort() { echo >&2 ' *************** *** ABORTED *** *************** ' echo "An error occurred. Exiting..." >&2 exit 1 } trap 'abort' 0 set -e ############################################### ## It assumes awk, bedtools and mashmap is ## available. ## We have tested this script with ## awk 4.1.3, bedtools v2.28.0 and mashmap v2.0 ## on an Ubuntu system. ############################################### threads=1 awk="awk" bedtools="bedtools" mashmap="mashmap" # Argument Parsing print_usage_and_exit () { echo "Usage: $0 [-j <N> =1 default] [-b <bedtools binary path> =bedtools default] [-m <mashmap binary path> =mashmap default] -a <gtf file> -g <genome fasta> -t <txome fasta> -o <output path>" exit 1 } echo "****************" echo "*** getDecoy ***" echo "****************" while getopts ":a:b:o:j:h:g:t:m:" opt; do case $opt in b) bedtools=`realpath $OPTARG` echo "-b <bedtools binary> = $bedtools" ;; m) mashmap=`realpath $OPTARG` echo "-m <mashmap binary> = $mashmap" ;; a) gtffile=`realpath $OPTARG` echo "-a <Annotation GTF file> = $gtffile" ;; o) outfolder="$OPTARG" echo "-o <Output files Path> = $outfolder" ;; j) threads="$OPTARG" echo "-j <Concurrency level> = $threads" ;; g) genomefile=`realpath $OPTARG` echo "-g <Genome fasta> = $genomefile" ;; t) txpfile=`realpath $OPTARG` echo "-t <Transcriptome fasta> = $txpfile" ;; h) print_usage_and_exit ;; \?) echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" print_usage_and_exit ;; :) echo "Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." print_usage_and_exit ;; esac done # Required arguments if [ -z "$gtffile" -o -z "$outfolder" -o -z "$genomefile" -o -z "$txpfile" -o -z "$mashmap" -o -z "$awk" -o -z "$bedtools" -o -z "$threads" ] then echo "Error: missing required argument(s)" print_usage_and_exit fi mkdir -p $outfolder cd $outfolder # extracting all the exonic features to mask echo "[1/10] Extracting exonic features from the gtf" $awk -v OFS='\t' '{if ($3=="exon") {print $1,$4,$5}}' $gtffile > exons.bed # masking the exonic regions from the genome echo "[2/10] Masking the genome fasta" $bedtools maskfasta -fi $genomefile -bed exons.bed -fo reference.masked.genome.fa # aligning the transcriptome to the masked genome echo "[3/10] Aligning transcriptome to genome" $mashmap -r reference.masked.genome.fa -q $txpfile -t $threads --pi 80 -s 500 # extracting the bed files from the reported alignment echo "[4/10] Extracting intervals from mashmap alignments" $awk -v OFS='\t' '{print $6,$8,$9}' mashmap.out | sort -k1,1 -k2,2n - > genome_found.sorted.bed # merging the reported intervals echo "[5/10] Merging the intervals" $bedtools merge -i genome_found.sorted.bed > genome_found_merged.bed # extracting relevant sequence from the genome echo "[6/10] Extracting sequences from the genome" $bedtools getfasta -fi reference.masked.genome.fa -bed genome_found_merged.bed -fo genome_found.fa # concatenating the sequence at per chromsome level to extract decoy sequences echo "[7/10] Concatenating to get decoy sequences" $awk '{a=$0; getline;split(a, b, ":"); r[b[1]] = r[b[1]]""$0} END { for (k in r) { print k"\n"r[k] } }' genome_found.fa > decoy.fa # concatenating decoys to transcriptome echo "[8/10] Making gentrome" cat $txpfile decoy.fa > gentrome.fa # extracting the names of the decoys echo "[9/10] Extracting decoy sequence ids" grep ">" decoy.fa | $awk '{print substr($1,2); }' > decoys.txt # removing extra files echo "[10/10] Removing temporary files" rm exons.bed reference.masked.genome.fa mashmap.out genome_found.sorted.bed genome_found_merged.bed genome_found.fa decoy.fa reference.masked.genome.fa.fai trap : 0 echo >&2 ' ********************************************** *** DONE Processing ... *** You can use files `$outfolder/gentrome.fa` *** and $outfolder/decoys.txt` with *** `salmon index` ********************************************** ' |
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 | library("tximport") suppressPackageStartupMessages(library("AnnotationDbi")) tx <- GenomicFeatures::makeTxDbFromGFF(file = snakemake@input$gtf, format = "gtf", organism = snakemake@params$animal) k <- AnnotationDbi::keys(tx, keytype = "GENEID") tx_df <- AnnotationDbi::select(tx, keys = k, keytype = "GENEID", columns = "TXNAME") tx2gene <- tx_df[, 2:1] txi <- tximport::tximport(snakemake@input$file, type = snakemake@params$method, tx2gene = tx2gene, ignoreTxVersion = TRUE) colnames(txi$counts) <- snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID # Tximport will generate fractions. We need to convert them to integers by # just rounding them. This is what the original class does # https://github.com/mikelove/DESeq2/blob/master/R/AllClasses.R txi$counts <- round(txi$counts) df <- data.frame(txi$counts) data.table::setDT(df, keep.rownames = "gene_id") fname <- paste(snakemake@wildcards$BASE, "deseq2", "counts", snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID, sep = "/") fname <- paste0(fname, "/", snakemake@wildcards$SRR_ID, ".", snakemake@params$method, ".counts") write.csv(df, file = fname, row.names = FALSE) |
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